Izindlela Eziyisi-8 Ezimangalisayo Zokubeletha Ezivela Emandulo Kakhulu

Noma ubani osanda kuba nengane uyakwazi ukuthi, inqobo nje uma umuntu ekwazi ngempela ukuhlela ukukhulelwa nokuzala, kukhona izinketho eziningi. Esibhedlela noma ekhaya? Indlela kaBradley noma iLamaze? Ngokwemvelo noma cha (futhi lokho kusho ukuthini empeleni)? I-VBAC? I-“C-section” ehleliwe? Uyaqonda ... kunemibandela okufanele uyenze. Eminingi kakhulu.

Kodwa yize izinketho ziningi, indlela ukubeletha okwenzeka ngayo imiselelwa kakhulu yisikhathi nendawo okwenzeka kuyo. Owesifazane ozalela e-U.S. namuhla uzoba nolwazi oluhluke ngokuphelele kowesifazane owayezalela e-U.S. eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule noma, isibonelo, eChina ngesikhathi seMing Dynasty. Konke lokhu kwasenza sazibuza ngezinqubo zokubeletha zakudala nokuthi, yize ezinye izinto zisashintshile kancane kakhulu (umgomo wokugcina = ingane enempilo nonina onempilo), ezinye seziguquke kakhulu. Nazi-ke, zingahlelwanga ngokukhethekile, izinto eziyisi-8 ezimangalisayo ezazijwayele ukwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubeletha nangokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa.

NGESIKHATHI SOKUDELIVERY:

1. Abesifazane babelula izingane phambi kwezilaleli.

Yebo, abesifazane banamuhla bavame ukuzala phambi kweqembu elikhulu ngokwanele (kuye ngokuthandwa kwakho nendawo okuyo, lokho kungabandakanya odokotela nabafundi babo, omabelethisi, onesi, abadoula, umlingani wakho, nabangani noma umndeni), kodwa lokho kuseyinto encane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkosikazi zobukhosi zasemandulo. Iminyaka eminingi, kulo lonke elaseYurophu, amakhosi ayelindeleke ukuthi azalise phambi kwenkantolo yawo yonke. Njengoba iThe Telegraph ibike, “Kufika kwabantu abangu-70 ababengaba khona ngesikhathi kuzalwa amakhosi azayo, ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi bekungekho ubuqili obufana nokufakwa komntwana ozinkohliso endlini yokulala yobukhosi.” Futhi akubona nje kuphela omakhosikazi ababedonsa isixuku ngesikhathi bezala. ENingizimu Melika ngesikhathi sobukoloni, isibonelo, kudala kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba iningi lokubeletha lidlulele esibhedlela, abesifazane babesebutha iqembu lababaxhasayo. Owesifazane ongumPuritan wayengalindela ukuba nabesifazane abayishumi noma ngaphezulu bemzungezile, okuhlanganisa umkhwekazi wakhe nabakhelwane abambalwa.

2. Babebeletha behleli ezihlalweni.

Ekhulwini lesibili AD, udokotela wamaGriki uSoranus wabhala ngokubeletha, okwakwenziwa kakhulu ngaphansi kokuqondisa kombelethisi, futhi wanikeza imininingwane eminingi ngokuthi kwakwenziwa kanjani nokuthi kuphi. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokucindezela nokubeletha (hhayi ezigabeni zokuqala zokuya esibeleni), abesifazane kufanele bahlale beqondile esihlalweni esinezindololwane zokubamba. Kodwa ngokusho komlando wasendulo uValerie French, yayingesona isihlalo esivamile, njengaleso ongase usithole egumbini lesimanje lokulethwa. Esikhundleni salokho, sasine “godi eliyimvilophu” lapho ingane yayiphuma khona.

3. Abanye babesebenzisa amaqabunga ukubamba izingane zabo.

Ngokuka-mlando u-Ellen Holmes Pearson wase-University of North Carolina Asheville, izindaba zabesifazane bomdabu waseMelika ababephuma beyedwa beya endaweni ethuleyo, njengomfula noma umhosha, ukuze babeleth’ bebedwa cishe zazingenembile, futhi zisekelwe ekubukeni kwabasemazweni aseYurophu. Kunamathuba amaningi okuthi abesifazane babephelezelwa omabelethisi noma amalungu omndeni. Kodwa, okuthakazelisayo ukuthi, ezimweni eziningi, kwakungekho muntu obambayo ingane, ngokusho kukaPearson. Esikhundleni salokho, ngemva kokubeletha bemi noma behleli -- bengalali phansi neze -- ingane yewa phezu kwenqwaba yamahlamvu athambile ayebekwe ngaphansi kukamama.

4. Izindawo zabo zangasese zazilungiswa.

Noma ubani oke wabuka uhlelo lwe-PBS oluthi “Call the Midwife” uyakwazi ukuthi abesifazane ababebeletha ekhaya ngawo-1950 eNgilandi bavame ukuchezwa izinwele zobusha futhi baphinde banikwa ama-enema ezigabeni zokuqala zokuya esibeleni. Eqinisweni, umkhuba wokunikeza abesifazane ama-enema ubulokhu ujwayelekile emazweni amaningi, ezimeni eziningi, kucatshangwa ukuthi kuzonciphisa ukungcoliswa “nokuzizwa behlazekile” kwabeshade, njengoba kwachazwa ukubuyekezwa kweCochrane ngo-2013, futhi kusize ukudala isikhala esiningi ukuze ingane izalwe. Lelo bunikazi lingase libe wuphawu lokuphela kwama-enema okulethwa, njengoba laliphetha ngokuthi lo mkhuba awunazinzuzo futhi kufanele unqatshelwe.

5. Abesifazane babefakwa “ebuthongweni bokusa”.

Ngonyaka ka-1914, okwakubizwa ngokuthi “twilight sleep” kwethulwa e-U.S. -- inhlanganisela ye-morphine (yokunciphisa ubuhlungu) ne-scopolamine (empeleni, yokususa noma imiphi imizwa yenkumbulo yomcimbi). Nakuba abesifazane abaningi babetha ukuthi ukuzabalaza nokuzimisela ukuhlala bevukile kwakubi kakhulu kunobuhlungu bokubeletha, futhi onesi babebika abesifazane beqhuqhuzela bengazi lutho besiya bephuma ekulaleni, “twilight sleep” ekuqaleni kwamukelwa njengophawu “lwentuthuko” kwezokwelashwa, ngaphambi kokuba imiphumela emibi yawo ivele obala.

NGEMVA KOKUDELIVERY:

6. Abesifazane basebenzisa omabelethisi abancindezelayo (wet nurses).

Yonke iminyaka emlandweni -- kusukela cishe ngo-2000 BC kuze kube ikhulu lama-20 -- umkhuba wokusebenzisa umabelethisi oncindezelayo, okuwumfazi oncelisa ingane yomunye, wawujwayelekile. Kaningi, kwakungenxa yezinkinga zokuncelisa ezazenza omama bahluleke ukuncelisa izingane zabo (okuthile abesifazane abaningi banamuhla abakuzwayo), kodwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene emlandweni, kwaba yindlela eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu abesifazane bezicukuthwane. “Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwamabhodlela ne-formula, ukuncelisa ngomunye umfazi kwakuyindlela evikelekile futhi ejwayelekile kakhulu esikhundleni sobisi lwamabele sikamama wemvelo,” kucacisa ucwaningo lwango-2009 olulodwa.

7. Futhi babethola izipho zokubeletha.

Cha, hhayi njenge-push present. Kwakuwumkhuba ukuthi abesifazane baseRenaissance (ababebeshada phakathi kweminyaka engu-15 no-19, futhi ababezobhekana nokubeletha okuyingozi kakhulu) banikwe “amathreyi okubeletha”, avame ukucolwa ngezithombe zokubeletha ezikuBhayibhelini ngokugubha. Babewanikwa abesifazane ngesikhathi sabo sokulala isikhathi eside (okuzokhulunywa ngakho ngezansi) ngenhlonipho yokuzalwa, futhi lawo mathreyi ayegcwele “izimbiza ezaziqukethe isobho lenkukhu nezinswiyela,” njengoba kuchazwe iwebhusayithi yeVictoria and Albert Art Museum. Ngemva kwalokho, ayelengiswa njengokuhlobisa, abe yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zemfihlo yomndeni.

8. Abesifazane babehlala bedindekile izinsuku ezingu-30.

Yize abesifazane e-U.S. manje belindeleke ukuthi bavuke bebelungele ukuphuma masinyane ngemva kokuba ingane yabo izelwe, ngezikhathi ezahlukene emlandweni, abesifazane babenikwa isikhathi eside sokululama (futhi kwezinye izimo, baphoqelelwa ukuhlala endlini, kungakhathalekile ukuthi bathanda yini noma cha). Njengoba kubika i-NPR, eChina kwakuyisiko ukuthi abesifazane babe nesikhathi sokuzivalela izinsuku ezingu-30 noma isikhathi sokulala endlini, lapho babelandela imithetho ethile mayelana nokudla nomsebenzi, futhi lo mkhuba usubuye wathandwa futhi, kubika i-NPR -- okungenani kwabanye abesifazane baseChina abakukhokhelayo. Empeleni, ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba lesi sikhathi sokuzivalela siseyinto ejwayelekile.

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