Isidoda Sentombazane: Indlela Isidoda Esithwala i-X Esinquma Ngayo Ubulili Bengane

Igama elithi isidoda sentombazane lapha libhekisela kusidoda esikhiqizwa umzimba wesilisa, esiqukethe ama-chromosome engane yentombazane. Yebo, akusona sonke isidoda esifanayo, futhi abesilisa bakhiqiza izinhlobo ezimbili zamangqamuzana esidoda [1]. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zesidoda zehluka kuphela kuma-chromosome ocansi.

Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umehluko phakathi kwesidoda sowesilisa nesowesifazane nokuthi la maseli esidoda anquma kanjani ubulili bengane ezayo.

Yini Isidoda Sentombazane?

Iseli lesidoda linezakhi zofuzo ezingama-23 [2]. Ama-22 okuqala abizwa ngokuthi ama-autosome, okusho ukuthi aqukethe ulwazi mayelana nezici zomzimba nokusebenza [3]. I-chromosome yama-23 ibizwa nge-chromosome yocansi, echaza ubulili.

Umzimba wesilisa ukhiqiza izinhlobo ezimbili zesidoda. Esisodwa siqukethe ama-chromosome e-X njenge-chromosome yama-23, kanti esinye siqukethe i-chromosome ye-Y njenge-chromosome yama-23. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, owesifazane ukhiqiza uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lamaqanda, onke aqukethe i-X njenge-chromosome yama-23.

• Isidoda Sentombazane: Lapho isidoda esiqukethe i-X sivundisa iqanda, i-zygote iba ne-XX njengepaire lama-chromosome ocansi. Leli paire le-XX lisho ukuthi ingane izoba yintombazane, futhi yingakho isidoda esiqukethe i-X sibizwa ngokuthi isidoda sentombazane [4].
• Isidoda Somfana: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho isidoda esiqukethe i-Y sivundisa iqanda, sikhiqiza i-zygote ye-XY. Leli paire le-XY lama-chromosome lisho ukuthi ingane izoba owesilisa, futhi yingakho isidoda esiqukethe i-Y sibizwa ngokuthi isidoda somfana [4].

Amaqiniso Ngesidoda Sesilisa Nesesifazane

Umehluko wama-chromosome uyigugu omkhulu phakathi kwesidoda sowesilisa nesowesifazane. Ngaphezu kwama-chromosome, kuneminye imingcele eminingi ehlukanisa isidoda sowesilisa nesowesifazane okuhlanganisa:

1. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-X ukwakheka kwesidoda noma isidoda sowesifazane siqinile kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nesidoda se-Y [5]. Isidoda sowesifazane singasinda isikhathi eside emgudwini wokuzala kowesifazane.
2. Isidoda se-Y sihamba ngokushesha uma siqhathaniswa nesidoda se-X. Isidoda se-Y singafika eqandeni ngokushesha kakhulu kunesidoda se-X uma sinikezwa izimo ezifanayo.
3. Kukhona futhi umehluko wobude besikhathi sokuphila phakathi kwesidoda esithwala i-Y nesithwala i-X. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi nakuba isidoda se-Y sikwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha, sivame ukuba nesikhathi esifushane sokuphila uma siqhathaniswa nesidoda se-X [6].

Lawa mehluko angathinta kakhulu amathuba okuthi isidoda ngasinye sichanyuse iqanda kuya ngesikhathi nezimo ezisemgudwini wokuzala wesifazane. Zitholele isethi yokuhlola ukugxila kwesidoda manje.

Izici Ezithinta Impumelelo Yesidoda

Uma kubhekwa esikalini esibanzi, zombili izinhlobo zesidoda zinamathuba alinganayo okuchanyusa iqanda. Nokho, amathuba okuthi uhlobo ngalunye lwesidoda luchanyuse iqanda angahluka kuye ngezici ezithile. Lezi zici zifaka phakathi:

Isikhathi Sokwenza Ucansi

Isikhathi sokwenza ucansi singaba nendima ebalulekile ekutheni isidoda sentombazane noma esomfana esichanyusa iqanda ngoba kukhona umehluko wobude besikhathi sokuphila phakathi kwesidoda esesilisa nesesifazane. Isidoda sentombazane sivame ukuqina futhi siphile isikhathi eside, ngakho ukwenza ucansi ezinsukwini eziningana ngaphambi kwe-ovulation kungandisa amathuba okukhulelwa intombazane.

Isidoda somfana, njengoba sishesha kakhulu, singaba namathuba amaningi okufika eqandeni kuqala uma ucansi lwenziwa eduze kwesikhathi se-ovulation.

Izimo Zemvelo

Izinga le-pH lomgudu wokuzala wesifazane nalo lingathinta ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwesidoda olunamathuba amaningi empumelelo. Umazinga we-asidi uphezulu kungase kusekele ukusinda kwesidoda sentombazane, kanti umkhathi onama-alkaline amaningi ungawusiza umboya wesidoda somfana.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isidoda sentombazane sibekezelela kangcono izimo ezinamafutha e-asidi uma siqhathaniswa nesidoda somfana.

Ingabe Ungakwazi Ukwandisa Amathuba Okuchanyuswa Ngesidoda se-X?

Ungakhulisa amathuba okuchanyuswa kweqanda yisidoda esithwala i-X ngosizo kwezindlela ezifana nokuhlungwa kwesidoda [7]. Le nqubo ihlukanisa isidoda se-X nese-Y ngokusekelwe ekwehlukaneni okuncane ngosayizi.

Enye inketho i-IVF ehlanganiswe nokuhlolwa kofuzo kwangaphambi kokutshalwa (preimplantation genetic testing), lapho ama-embryo ehlolwa khona ubulili ngaphambi kokuba atshalwe esibelethweni. Lezi zindlela zingakhulisa amathuba okuba nomntwana wentombazane, kodwa kukhona ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha, futhi zingase zingatholakali kuzo zonke izindawo ngenxa yemikhawulo yomthetho.

Isifinyezo

“Isidoda sentombazane” yigama elididayo kubantu abaningi abangazi izici zama-chromosome amadoda nabesifazane. Isidoda se-X siyiseli yesidoda ekhiqizwa umzimba wendoda equkethe i-X njenge-chromosome yobulili.

Uma isidoda esiqukethe i-X sichumisa iqanda, sihlangana neqanda eliqukethe i-X bese sakha umbhangqwana wama-chromosome u-XX, okuthi kuholele enganeni yentombazane.

Yize uma sibuka isithombe esibanzi, kokubili isidoda se-X nese-Y sinamathuba alinganayo okuchumisa iqanda, kukhona izinto eziningi ezingandisa noma zehlise amathuba esinye nesinye.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1. Isidoda sowesifazane sibizwa ngani?

Isidoda sowesifazane sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isidoda esiqukethe i-X. Uma isidoda esiqukethe i-X sichumisa iqanda, kuholela enganeni yentombazane.

2. Ngingakhetha ukuba nentombazane kunomfana?

Ngobuchwepheshe bokuhlunga isidoda, ngokomthetho ungakhetha ukuba nentombazane kunomfana noma umfana kunentombazane. Kule ndlela, uhlobo olulodwa lwesidoda luyavinjelwa ukuthi lingakwazi ukuchumisa iqanda kanti olunye lukhuthazwa.

Imithombo esetshenzisiwe

1. Rahman, M. S., & Pang, M. (2020). Imibono Emisha Yezamabhayoloji Ngemva Kwesidoda Esithwele Ama-Chromosome X no-Y. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 7, 505308. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00388 
2. Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis 
3. Neelabh, N. (2017). I-autosome. In Springer eBooks (amakhasi 1–3). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_40-1 
4. Gilbert, S. F. (2000). Ukunqunywa Kobulili Ngama-Chromosome Kumammal. Developmental Biology - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9967/ 
5. You, Y., Kwon, W., Saidur Rahman, M., Park, Y., Kim, Y., & Pang, M. (2017). Ukuhluka kokuphila kwesidoda somuntu kuye ngama-chromosome obulili ngesikhathi sokugcinwa isikhathi eside. Human Reproduction, 32(6), 1183-1191. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dex080 
6. Oyeyipo, I. P. (2017). Ukuchayeka Kwezidodana Kuma-Chromosome Obulili: Indlela Yokukhetha Ubulili. Toxicological Research, 33(4), 315-323. https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2017.33.4.315 
7. Neculai-Valeanu, S., & Ariton, A. M. (2021). Izindlela Eziguqula Umdlalo Ekwehlukaniseni Isidoda Ngobulili: I-microfluidics ne-nanotechnology. Animals : Ijenali ye-Open Access evela kwa MDPI, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041182